OBJECTIVE: To assess the suitability of using oral-fluid samples for determining the prevalence of immunity to vaccine-preventable infections. METHODS: Paired blood and oral-fluid samples were obtained from 853 individuals of all ages from a rural Ethiopian community. Oral fluid around the gums was screened for measles- and rubella-specific antibodies using enhanced IgG antibody capture (GAC) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and for anti-HBc antibodies using a prototype GACELISA. IgG antibodies in serum to measles, rubella and HBc were determined using commercial ELISAs. FINDINGS: Relative to serum, oral fluid assay sensitivity and specificity were as follows: 98% and 87% for measles, 79% and 90% for rubella, and 43% and 87% for anti-HBc. These assay characteristics yielded population prevalence estimates from oral fluid with a precision equal to that of serum for measles (all ages) and rubella (ages <20 years). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that oral fluid could have the potential to replace serum in IgG antibody prevalence surveys. Further progress requires assessment of variation in assay performance between populations as well as the availability of standardized, easy to use assays.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la idoneidad de las muestras de saliva para determinar la prevalencia de inmunidad a infecciones prevenibles mediante vacunación. MÉTODOS: Se obtuvieron muestras apareadas de sangre y saliva de 853 personas de todas las edades pertenecientes a una comunidad rural de Etiopía. Se cribó la saliva próxima a las encías para detectar anticuerpos específicos contra el sarampión y la rubéola, mediante técnicas de inmunosorción enzimática (ELISA) con captura potenciada de anticuerpos IgG (GAC), y anticuerpos anti-HBc, mediante un prototipo de GACELISA. Los anticuerpos IgG séricos contra el sarampión, la rubéola y HBc se determinaron mediante técnicas comerciales de ELISA. RESULTADOS: En comparación con el suero, la sensibilidad y especificidad de las pruebas realizadas con saliva fueron respectivamente las siguientes: 98% y 87% para el sarampión, 79% y 90% para la rubéola, y 43% y 87% para anti-HBc. Esas cifras arrojan unas estimaciones de la prevalencia poblacional a partir de la saliva de una precisión comparable a la conseguida con muestras de suero para el sarampión (todas las edades) y la rubéola (edad < 20 años). CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados obtenidos parecen indicar que la saliva podría reemplazar al suero en los estudios de prevalencia de anticuerpos IgG. En futuras investigaciones deberá evaluarse la variación de los resultados de la prueba entre poblaciones, así como la disponibilidad de pruebas normalizadas de fácil uso.

OBJECTIF: Evaluer l’utilité des échantillons de sécrétions buccales pour déterminer la prévalence de l’immunité vis-à-vis d’infections évitables par la vaccination. MÉTHODS: Des échantillons appariés de sang et de sécrétions buccales ont été prélevés chez 853 personnes de tous âges dans une communauté rurale d’Ethiopie. Les échantillons de liquide gingival ont été soumis à une recherche des anticorps spécifiques de la rougeole et de la rubéole par titrage immuno-enzymatique (ELISA) avec capture d’IgG et amplification (GACELISA), et des anticorps anti-HBc au moyen d’un prototype de test GACELISA. Les IgG sériques vis-à-vis de la rougeole, de la rubéole et du HBc ont été déterminés à l’aide de tests ELISA du commerce. RÉSULTATS: Par rapport aux résultats obtenus avec le sérum, la sensibilité et la spécificité des titrages réalisés sur les sécrétions buccales étaient de 98% et 87% pour la rougeole, 79% et 90% pour la rubéole et 43% et 87% pour les anticorps anti-HBc. Ces caractéristiques ont permis d’obtenir avec les sécrétions buccales des estimations de la prévalence d’une précision égale à celle obtenue avec le sérum pour la rougeole (tous âges) et la rubéole (moins de 20 ans). CONCLUSION: Nos résultats indiquent que les sécrétions buccales pourraient remplacer le sérum dans les enquêtes sur la prévalence des IgG. Il faudra maintenant évaluer les différences de performance des titrages d’une population à l’autre et pouvoir disposer de tests normalisés faciles à utiliser.

O parvovírus B19 infecta predominantemente células eritróides, causando inibição transitória da eritropoiese. Pacientes imunocomprometidos podem ser incapazes de produzir anticorpos neutralizantes, evoluindo com grave anemia crônica. Estudos epidemiológicos da população de Niterói mostraram que a infecção ocorre periodicamente no final da primavera e no verão. Descrevem-se 55 pacientes infectados pelo HIV atendidos num ambulatório de doenças infecciosas nesta cidade num período de cinco meses, no qual a circulação do parvovírus B19 foi documentada. Todos os pacientes estavam sob terapia anti-retroviral. Não se encontrou IgM anti-B19, mas notou-se uma prevalência alta de IgG anti-B19 (91%). Em seis pacientes verificou-se a presença de DNA do B19 por hibridização em dot-blot, o que não se confirmou por PCR. Nenhum destes seis pacientes tinha anemia, e apenas um tinha células CD4 abaixo de 200 x 10(7)/L. Conclui-se que infecção persistente causando anemia é um achado infreqüente em nossos pacientes HIV positivos sob terapia medicamentosa.

Parvovirus B19 infects predominantly erythroid cells, leading to transient inhibition of erythropoiesis. Immunocompromised patients may be unable to produce neutralizing antibodies and may develop severe chronic anemia. Epidemiological studies done on Niterói population showed that B19 infection occurs periodically in late spring and summer. We report a study from 55 HIV infected patients attending an infectious diseases outpatient clinic in this city during a 5-month period in which B19 circulation was well documented. All patients were under anti-retroviral therapy. No anti-B19 IgM was found, but a high prevalence of IgG anti-B19 (91%) was observed. In six patients, B19 DNA was found by dot-blot hybridization techniques, but this was not confirmed by PCR. None of these 6 patients manifested anemia and only one had CD4 cell count below 200 x 10(7)/L. We conclude that persistent infection causing anemia is an infrequent finding in our HIV positive patients under drug therapy.

Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a validade da utilização da saliva no diagnóstico laboratorial da rubéola. Quarenta e cinco amostras pareadas de sangue e de saliva, coletadas de 1 a 29 dias após o início da doença, foram testadas para detecção de imunoglobulina (Ig) M específica por radioimunoensaio com captura (MACRIA). Anticorpos IgM específicos contra rubéola foram detectados em todas as amostras sangüíneas e em 38 (84,4%) das amostras de saliva. A especificidade do teste na saliva foi de 96%. Estes resultados indicam que a utilização da saliva pode ser uma alternativa válida para obtenção de espécimens clínicos na investigação de casos recentes de rubéola, especialmente nas atividades de vigilância epidemiológica e controle da virose.

This study was designed to investigate whether saliva could be a feasible alternative to serum for the diagnosis of recent rubella infection in a clinic setting. Forty-five paired blood and saliva samples collected 1 to 29 days after onset of illness were tested for specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M by antibody-capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA). Rubella IgM was detected in all serum samples and in 38 (84.4%) saliva specimens. Forty-six serum and saliva samples from other patients with rash diseases were tested by MACRIA for control purposes and two saliva specimens were reactive. The saliva test had specificity of 96%. These results indicate that salivary IgM detection may be a convenient non-invasive alternative to serum for investigation of recent rubella cases, especially for disease surveillance and control programmes.

Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded lung and liver tissue from 23 cases of non immune hydrops fetalis and five control cases, in which hydrops were due to syphilis (3) and genetic causes (2), were examined for the presence of human parvovirus B19 by DNA hybridisation. Using in situ hybridisation with a biotynilated probe one positive case was detected. Using 32P-labelled probes in a dot blot assay format, five further positives were obtained. These were all confirmed as positive by a nested polymerase chain reaction assay. Electron microscopy revealed virus in all these five positive cases. The six B19 DNA positive cases of hydrops fetalis were from 1974, 1980, 1982, 1987 and 1988, four of which occurred during the second half of the year, confirming the seasonality of the disease.

Amostras de soros coletadas da população do Rio de Janeiro durante os anos de 1985/1986 foram examinadas para a presença de anticorpos da classe IgG contra o parvovirus humano B19. Nenhuma diferença foi encontrada com relação ao sexo. A prevalência de anticorpos aumenta a partir de 35% em crianças menores que 5 anos de idade até 80% nos indivíduos na faixa etária entre 11 e 15 anos. A prevalência de anticorpos seguiu aumentando ate mais de 90% entre os indivíduos acima de 50 anos de idade.

During 1985 and 1986 serum samples were collected from the Rio de Janeiro population and examined for the presence of IgG antibody to human parvovirus B19. No difference in prevalence was found between males and females. Antibody prevalence rose from 35% in children less than five years old to almost 80% in children aged eleven to fifteen years. The antibody prevalence in individuals over 50 years old was over 90%.